spg
mh2
pmh2
zne
slu
mm3
exp
zen
prm
Verdant Catacombs
Land
Oracle Text
, Pay 1 life, Sacrifice this land: Search your library for a Swamp or Forest card, put it onto the battlefield, then shuffle.Format Legality
ModernLegacyVintageDuel Commander
Competitive Play by Format
Top 8 decklists that played Verdant Catacombs, by format.
| Format | Decks 30d | Avg 30d | Decks 12mo | Avg 12mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duel Commander | 7 | 1 | 535 | 1 |
| Legacy | 35 | 1.9 | 334 | 1.9 |
| Modern | 30 | 2.6 | 303 | 2.5 |
| Vintage | 3 | 2 | 25 | 1.8 |
Details
- Set
- Special Guests
- Rarity
- Mythic Rare
- Mana value
- 0
- Collector #
- 113
Non-foilFoilFull ArtBorderless
Recent Top-8 Decks Playing Verdant Catacombs
3
Final: 3 |
Main Deck
Creatures (15)
Sorceries (5)
Instants (17)
Artifacts (4)
Planeswalkers (1)
Lands (18)
Sideboard
2
Final: 2 |
Main Deck
Creatures (34)
- 4 Dwynen's Elite
$0.10
0.03 tix - 4 Elvish Visionary
$0.09
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Archdruid
$0.38
0.02 tix
- 4 Ezuri, Renegade Leader
$12.81
0.02 tix
- 1 Imperious Perfect
$0.51
0.02 tix - 4 Boreal Druid
$5.42
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Mystic
$0.46
0.03 tix
- 4 Heritage Druid
$3.02
0.23 tix
- 1 Joraga Warcaller
$8.08
0.02 tix
- 4 Llanowar Elves
$0.27
0.03 tix
Sorceries (3)
Lands (19)
Sideboard
4
Final: 4 |
Main Deck
Creatures (12)
Sorceries (8)
Instants (11)
Planeswalkers (3)
Lands (25)
- 3 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 3 Bloodstained Mire$14.22 1.78 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Mountain$0.06 0.01 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 4 Raging Ravine$0.17 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 2 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 3 Wooded Foothills$16.84 2.49 tix
Sideboard
2
Final: 2 |
Main Deck
Creatures (34)
- 4 Dwynen's Elite
$0.10
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Visionary
$0.09
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Archdruid
$0.38
0.02 tix
- 1 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 4 Ezuri, Renegade Leader
$12.81
0.02 tix
- 4 Boreal Druid
$5.42
0.03 tix
- 1 Elves of Deep Shadow
$3.63
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Mystic
$0.46
0.03 tix
- 4 Heritage Druid
$3.02
0.23 tix
- 4 Llanowar Elves
$0.27
0.03 tix
Sorceries (3)
Lands (19)
Sideboard
- 2 Burrenton Forge-Tender
$0.15
0.03 tix - 1 Creeping Corrosion
$5.99
0.02 tix
- 1 Dauntless Escort
$0.18
0.02 tix
- 1 Melira, Sylvok Outcast
$5.36
0.02 tix
- 2 Path to Exile
$1.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Pay No Heed
$0.07
0.03 tix
- 2 Reclamation Sage
$0.18
0.03 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 3 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
8
Final: 8 |
Main Deck
Creatures (34)
- 4 Dwynen's Elite
$0.10
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Visionary
$0.09
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Archdruid
$0.38
0.02 tix
- 1 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 4 Ezuri, Renegade Leader
$12.81
0.02 tix
- 4 Boreal Druid
$5.42
0.03 tix
- 1 Elves of Deep Shadow
$3.63
0.03 tix
- 4 Elvish Mystic
$0.46
0.03 tix
- 4 Heritage Druid
$3.02
0.23 tix
- 4 Llanowar Elves
$0.27
0.03 tix
Sorceries (3)
Lands (19)
Sideboard
- 2 Burrenton Forge-Tender
$0.15
0.03 tix
- 1 Creeping Corrosion
$5.99
0.02 tix
- 1 Dauntless Escort
$0.18
0.02 tix
- 1 Melira, Sylvok Outcast
$5.36
0.02 tix
- 2 Path to Exile
$1.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Pay No Heed
$0.07
0.03 tix
- 2 Reclamation Sage
$0.18
0.03 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 3 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
6
Final: 6 |
Main Deck
Creatures (13)
Sorceries (6)
Instants (11)
Planeswalkers (2)
Lands (25)
- 3 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 3 Bloodstained Mire$14.22 1.78 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Mountain$0.06 0.01 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 4 Raging Ravine$0.17 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 2 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 3 Wooded Foothills$16.84 2.49 tix
Sideboard
6
Final: 6 |
Main Deck
Creatures (13)
Sorceries (7)
Instants (13)
Planeswalkers (3)
Lands (24)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 2 Bloodstained Mire$14.22 1.78 tix
- 2 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 4 Raging Ravine$0.17 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 2 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Twilight Mire$0.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 1 Wooded Foothills$16.84 2.49 tix
Sideboard
2
Final: 2 |
Main Deck
Creatures (27)
Sorceries (7)
Lands (19)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 4 Copperline Gorge$0.44 0.02 tix
- 1 Dryad Arbor$3.72 0.02 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Mountain$0.06 0.01 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 3 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
Sideboard
4
Final: 4 |
Main Deck
Creatures (13)
Sorceries (8)
Instants (11)
Planeswalkers (4)
Lands (24)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 2 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 1 Bloodstained Mire$14.22 1.78 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 2 Polluted Delta$19.01 2.38 tix
- 4 Raging Ravine$0.17 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Twilight Mire$0.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
Sideboard
- 1 Ancient Grudge
$0.22
0.01 tix - 2 Anger of the Gods
$0.27
0.03 tix
- 1 Devour Flesh
$0.09
0.03 tix - 2 Fulminator Mage
$1.14
0.06 tix - 1 Fulminator Mage
$1.14
0.06 tix
- 1 Golgari Charm
$0.88
0.03 tix
- 1 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix - 1 Night of Souls' Betrayal
$1.72
0.02 tix
- 1 Nihil Spellbomb
$1.87
0.03 tix
- 2 Obstinate Baloth
$0.18
0.02 tix
- 1 Thragtusk
$0.26
0.02 tix
1
Final: 1 |
Main Deck
Creatures (29)
- 2 Melira, Sylvok Outcast
$5.36
0.02 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 1 Wall of Roots
$0.21
3.31 tix
- 1 Wall of Roots
$0.21
3.31 tix
- 1 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 1 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 1 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 1 Spike Feeder
$0.49
0.45 tix
- 4 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 1 Orzhov Pontiff
$0.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Fiend Hunter
$0.10
0.03 tix
- 1 Murderous Redcap
$1.11
0.03 tix
- 1 Archangel of Thune
$19.93
0.02 tix - 2 Viscera Seer
$0.36
0.03 tix
- 1 Viscera Seer
$0.36
0.03 tix
- 4 Birds of Paradise
$4.98
0.02 tix
- 2 Noble Hierarch
$10.40
0.24 tix
- 1 Qasali Pridemage
$0.18
0.03 tix
- 2 Anafenza, Kin-Tree Spirit
$0.20
0.02 tix
Lands (23)
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Gavony Township$4.98 0.02 tix
- 1 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 3 Marsh Flats$31.46 0.88 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 2 Razorverge Thicket$0.37 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 4 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
- 3 Abrupt Decay
$0.90
0.02 tix
- 1 Aven Mindcensor
$0.60
0.02 tix
- 1 Kataki, War's Wage
$0.91
0.02 tix
- 1 Linvala, Keeper of Silence
$19.92
0.02 tix
- 1 Murderous Cut
$0.32
0.03 tix
- 1 Path to Exile
$1.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Reclamation Sage
$0.18
0.03 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 2 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
- 2 Thoughtseize
$6.46
1.60 tix
2
Final: 2 |
Main Deck
Creatures (25)
- 1 Lotus Cobra
$5.21
0.02 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 4 Wall of Roots
$0.21
3.31 tix
- 4 Spike Feeder
$0.49
0.45 tix
- 1 Orzhov Pontiff
$0.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 1 Sigarda, Host of Herons
$1.16
0.02 tix
- 4 Archangel of Thune
$19.93
0.02 tix
- 4 Birds of Paradise
$4.98
0.02 tix
- 3 Noble Hierarch
$10.40
0.24 tix
- 1 Qasali Pridemage
$0.18
0.03 tix
Sorceries (4)
Lands (23)
- 2 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 4 Gavony Township$4.98 0.02 tix
- 1 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 2 Horizon Canopy$2.13 0.16 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 2 Razorverge Thicket$0.37 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 4 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
- 1 Baneslayer Angel
$2.81
0.02 tix
- 1 Burrenton Forge-Tender
$0.15
0.03 tix
- 1 Dauntless Escort
$0.18
0.02 tix
- 1 Ethersworn Canonist
$2.33
0.02 tix
- 1 Kataki, War's Wage
$0.91
0.02 tix
- 1 Melira, Sylvok Outcast
$5.36
0.02 tix
- 3 Painful Truths
$0.28
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 2 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
- 3 Thoughtseize
$6.46
1.60 tix
5
Final: 5 |
Main Deck
Creatures (27)
Sorceries (7)
Lands (19)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 4 Copperline Gorge$0.44 0.02 tix
- 1 Dryad Arbor$3.72 0.02 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Mountain$0.06 0.01 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 3 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
Sideboard
1
Final: 1 |
Main Deck
Creatures (29)
- 2 Melira, Sylvok Outcast
$5.36
0.02 tix
- 1 Scavenging Ooze
$0.20
0.02 tix
- 2 Wall of Roots
$0.21
3.31 tix
- 3 Eternal Witness
$0.70
0.03 tix
- 1 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 3 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 2 Fiend Hunter
$0.10
0.03 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 1 Murderous Redcap
$1.11
0.03 tix
- 1 Shriekmaw
$0.23
0.04 tix
- 3 Viscera Seer
$0.36
0.03 tix
- 1 Birds of Paradise
$4.98
0.02 tix
- 3 Birds of Paradise
$4.98
0.02 tix
- 3 Noble Hierarch
$10.40
0.24 tix
- 2 Anafenza, Kin-Tree Spirit
$0.20
0.02 tix
Lands (23)
- 2 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 3 Gavony Township$4.98 0.02 tix
- 1 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 3 Horizon Canopy$2.13 0.16 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 1 Razorverge Thicket$0.37 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 3 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
- 1 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
- 2 Abrupt Decay
$0.90
0.02 tix
- 1 Ethersworn Canonist
$2.33
0.02 tix
- 1 Intrepid Hero
$0.92
0.02 tix
- 1 Kataki, War's Wage
$0.91
0.02 tix
- 1 Orzhov Pontiff
$0.12
0.02 tix
- 3 Path to Exile
$1.12
0.02 tix
- 1 Qasali Pridemage
$0.18
0.03 tix
- 1 Sin Collector
$0.13
0.03 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 3 Thoughtseize
$6.46
1.60 tix
3
Final: 3 |
Main Deck
Creatures (27)
Sorceries (7)
Lands (19)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 4 Copperline Gorge$0.44 0.02 tix
- 1 Dryad Arbor$3.72 0.02 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Mountain$0.06 0.01 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 3 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
Sideboard
6
Final: 6 |
Main Deck
Creatures (11)
Sorceries (12)
Instants (7)
Enchantments (4)
Planeswalkers (4)
Lands (22)
- 1 Breeding Pool$9.82 0.02 tix
- 1 Creeping Tar Pit$0.33 0.02 tix
- 4 Darkslick Shores$1.75 0.02 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Misty Rainforest$35.64 1.84 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 2 Polluted Delta$19.01 2.38 tix
- 2 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Twilight Mire$0.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 1 Watery Grave$8.76 0.02 tix
- 1 Woodland Cemetery$0.44 0.02 tix
Sideboard
- 1 Creeping Corrosion
$5.99
0.02 tix
- 1 Curse of Death's Hold
$0.97
0.02 tix
- 2 Damnation
$15.65
0.06 tix
- 1 Dispel
$0.30
0.03 tix - 1 Duress
$0.08
0.01 tix
- 1 Night of Souls' Betrayal
$1.72
0.02 tix
- 3 Obstinate Baloth
$0.18
0.02 tix
- 1 Painful Truths
$0.28
0.02 tix
- 3 Rain of Tears
$0.29
0.08 tix
- 1 Unravel the Aether
$0.24
0.03 tix
5
Final: 5 |
Main Deck
Creatures (13)
Sorceries (12)
Instants (8)
Planeswalkers (3)
Lands (24)
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Ghost Quarter$0.42 0.02 tix
- 1 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 3 Marsh Flats$31.46 0.88 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 2 Stirring Wildwood$0.29 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 1 Twilight Mire$0.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 3 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
5
Final: 5 |
Main Deck
Creatures (28)
Sorceries (6)
Instants (4)
Lands (23)
- 3 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 3 Gavony Township$4.98 0.02 tix
- 1 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 1 Marsh Flats$31.46 0.88 tix
- 1 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 3 Razorverge Thicket$0.37 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 4 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
- 3 Burrenton Forge-Tender
$0.15
0.03 tix
- 1 Creeping Corrosion
$5.99
0.02 tix
- 1 Dismember
$3.13
3.79 tix - 1 Gideon, Ally of Zendikar
$0.59
0.02 tix
- 2 Relic of Progenitus
$5.60
3.77 tix
- 1 Sorin, Solemn Visitor
$0.63
0.02 tix
- 2 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
- 2 Thoughtseize
$6.46
1.60 tix
- 2 Zealous Persecution
$0.14
0.03 tix
3
Final: 3 |
Main Deck
Creatures (14)
Sorceries (5)
Instants (20)
Enchantments (1)
Lands (20)
Sideboard
- 2 Dispel
$0.30
0.03 tix
- 1 Dryad Arbor$3.72 0.02 tix
- 2 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 2 Nature's Claim
$0.37
0.01 tix
- 1 Pulse of Murasa
$0.12
0.03 tix
- 1 Rancor
$0.98
0.03 tix
- 1 Spell Pierce
$0.23
0.01 tix
- 2 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 1 Twisted Image
$0.31
0.03 tix
- 1 Viridian Corrupter
$0.39
0.03 tix
- 1 Wild Defiance
$0.67
0.02 tix
8
Final: 8 |
Main Deck
Creatures (14)
Sorceries (7)
Instants (11)
Planeswalkers (4)
Lands (24)
- 4 Blackcleave Cliffs$1.85 0.02 tix
- 1 Blood Crypt$9.27 0.02 tix
- 4 Bloodstained Mire$14.22 1.78 tix
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Ghost Quarter$0.42 0.02 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 3 Raging Ravine$0.17 0.02 tix
- 1 Stomping Ground$6.36 0.06 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Twilight Mire$0.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
Sideboard
- 2 Ancient Grudge
$0.22
0.01 tix
- 2 Crumble to Dust
$0.05
0.03 tix
- 1 Damnation
$15.65
0.06 tix
- 1 Disfigure
$0.04
0.03 tix
- 1 Duress
$0.08
0.01 tix
- 1 Engineered Explosives
$4.66
4.47 tix - 2 Fulminator Mage
$1.14
0.06 tix
- 1 Grim Lavamancer
$0.29
0.17 tix
- 1 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 1 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 1 Shatterstorm
$0.30
0.15 tix
- 1 Thoughtseize
$6.46
1.60 tix
5
Final: 5 |
Main Deck
Creatures (12)
Sorceries (12)
Instants (8)
Lands (24)
- 1 Forest$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Ghost Quarter$0.42 0.02 tix
- 2 Godless Shrine$8.72 0.03 tix
- 1 Hissing Quagmire$0.43 0.02 tix
- 2 Marsh Flats$31.46 0.88 tix
- 2 Overgrown Tomb$9.33 0.02 tix
- 1 Plains$0.08 0.01 tix
- 1 Shambling Vent$0.31 0.02 tix
- 1 Stirring Wildwood$0.29 0.02 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 1 Swamp$0.09 0.01 tix
- 2 Temple Garden$7.35 0.02 tix
- 4 Verdant Catacombs$28.46 1.26 tix
- 3 Windswept Heath$9.73 0.88 tix
Sideboard
- 1 Creeping Corrosion
$5.99
0.02 tix
- 1 Damnation
$15.65
0.06 tix
- 1 Duress
$0.08
0.01 tix
- 1 Engineered Explosives
$4.66
4.47 tix
- 1 Feed the Clan
$0.12
0.03 tix
- 3 Fulminator Mage
$1.14
0.06 tix
- 1 Kitchen Finks
$0.19
0.02 tix
- 1 Spellskite
$7.57
0.02 tix
- 2 Stony Silence
$0.70
0.02 tix
- 2 Surgical Extraction
$1.31
5.32 tix
- 1 Worship
$0.39
0.02 tix
